Convert Foot-Lamberts to Candela per Square Meter
Foot-Lambert (fL) to Candela per Square Meter (cd/m²) luminance conversion — enter any value below to get an instant result, or use the table for common values.
Results from this calculator are estimates provided for general informational purposes only, based on formulas, rates, and standards commonly accepted as of 2026. Figures may differ slightly from other calculators or professional sources due to rounding methods, differing assumptions, or regional regulations, and rules may change over time. Always consult a qualified professional — such as a financial advisor, healthcare provider, or other relevant specialist — before making decisions based on these results.
Result
1 fL = 3.4262591 cd/m²
1 Foot-Lambert = 3.4262591 Candela per Square Meter
1 Candela per Square Meter = 0.29186351 Foot-Lamberts
1 fL in every supported unit
Conversion chart: Foot-Lambert to Candela per Square Meter
Conversion table
| Foot-Lambert (fL) | Candela per Square Meter (cd/m²) |
|---|---|
| 0.01 fL | 0.034262591 cd/m² |
| 0.1 fL | 0.34262591 cd/m² |
| 1 fL | 3.4262591 cd/m² |
| 2 fL | 6.8525182 cd/m² |
| 3 fL | 10.278777 cd/m² |
| 5 fL | 17.131295 cd/m² |
| 10 fL | 34.262591 cd/m² |
| 20 fL | 68.525182 cd/m² |
| 50 fL | 171.31295 cd/m² |
| 100 fL | 342.62591 cd/m² |
| 1000 fL | 3426.2591 cd/m² |
Foot-Lambert (fL)
Definition: A US customary luminance unit defined so that a perfectly diffusing surface emitting one lumen per square foot has a luminance of one foot-lambert.
History: Developed as the American customary counterpart to the CGS lambert, built on the foot-candle (lumens per square foot) illuminance unit already established in US lighting engineering.
Current use: The standard unit for cinema and home-theater projection screen brightness under SMPTE and industry calibration standards, which typically specify screen luminance around 14-16 foot-lamberts.
Candela per Square Meter (cd/m²)
Definition: The SI derived unit of luminance — one candela of luminous intensity spread evenly over one square meter of projected surface area, as seen by an observer.
History: Formalized once the candela was standardized as the SI base unit of luminous intensity in the mid-20th century, giving photometry a coherent derived unit for surface brightness that scaled directly from luminous intensity and area.
Current use: The reference unit for scientific and engineering luminance measurement worldwide, and the unit display and lighting standards are ultimately calibrated against, even when consumer specs use the equivalent "nit" naming.
Supported Units
| Unit | Symbol | In cd/m² |
|---|---|---|
| Candela per Square Meter | cd/m² | 1 cd/m² |
| Candela per Square Centimeter | cd/cm² | 10000 cd/m² |
| Candela per Square Foot | cd/ft² | 10.76391 cd/m² |
| Candela per Square Inch | cd/in² | 1550.0031 cd/m² |
| Kilocandela per Square Meter | kcd/m² | 1000 cd/m² |
| Stilb | sb | 10000 cd/m² |
| Lumen per Square Meter per Steradian | lm/m²/sr | 1 cd/m² |
| Lumen per Square Centimeter per Steradian | lm/cm²/sr | 10000 cd/m² |
| Lumen per Square Foot per Steradian | lm/ft²/sr | 10.76391 cd/m² |
| Watt per Square Centimeter per Steradian (at 555 nm) | W/cm²/sr | 6830000 cd/m² |
| Nit | nt | 1 cd/m² |
| Millinit | mnt | 0.001 cd/m² |
| Lambert | L | 3183.0989 cd/m² |
| Millilambert | mL | 3.1830989 cd/m² |
| Foot-Lambert | fL | 3.4262591 cd/m² |
| Apostilb | asb | 0.31830989 cd/m² |
| Blondel | bd | 0.31830989 cd/m² |
| Bril | bril | 3.1831E-08 cd/m² |
| Skot | sk | 0.0003183099 cd/m² |
About These Parameters
- Value
- The luminance value you want to convert, expressed in the "From" unit. Accepts decimals, so you can enter anything from a faint scotopic reading in skots to a display's rated brightness in nits.
- From Unit
- The unit your input value is currently measured in — a monitor spec sheet's nits, a cinema calibration report's foot-lamberts, or a scientific instrument's candela per square meter.
- To Unit
- The unit you want the result converted into. Use the swap button to flip From and To instantly and compare figures across display, cinema, and scientific contexts.
How Luminance Conversion Works
The Formula
Every unit here is defined by a fixed multiplier relative to candela per square meter. To convert a value from one unit to another:
result = value × (factor of "From" unit ÷ factor of "To" unit)
For Foot-Lambert → Candela per Square Meter: multiply by 3.4262591. For example, 1 fL × 3.4262591 = 3.4262591 cd/m².
Nits vs. Candela per Square Meter
A nit and a candela per square meter are exactly the same physical quantity — "nit" is simply the shorter, everyday name adopted by the display and consumer electronics industry. When a phone, TV, or monitor spec sheet quotes "1,000 nits," that number is identical to 1,000 cd/m² in a scientific paper. The two names exist for context, not physics: engineers and physicists tend to write cd/m², while marketing copy, review sites, and display datasheets almost universally write nits.
CGS vs. SI Luminance Units
Several units on this page — the stilb, lambert, apostilb, blondel, bril, and skot — predate the modern SI system and come from the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of photometric units used in early 20th-century physics. They were built around the idea of a perfectly diffusing ("Lambertian") surface rather than the candela directly, which is why their conversion factors to cd/m² involve π-related constants (a lambert, for instance, equals 1/π candela per square centimeter). Most of these CGS units have been superseded by candela-per-square-meter and its nit alias in modern engineering, but they still surface in legacy scientific literature, older photometric instruments, and specialized fields like vision research that never fully migrated to SI.
Example
A luminance of 1 fL equals 3.4262591 cd/m². For scale, a typical smartphone screen runs around 500-1,000 nits, a calibrated cinema screen is set to roughly 14-16 foot-lamberts, an overcast sky reads around 2,000-4,000 cd/m², and the full moon's surface luminance is only about 2,500 cd/m² despite looking far brighter against a dark night sky.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many Candela per Square Meter are in 1 Foot-Lambert?
1 Foot-Lambert (fL) equals exactly 3.4262591 Candela per Square Meter (cd/m²).
What's the difference between luminance and brightness?
Luminance is the objective, physically measured quantity — candela per square meter, or nits — while "brightness" is often used loosely to describe the subjective perception of how light a surface looks, which also depends on surrounding contrast and the viewer's eye adaptation. Luminance is what a light meter measures; brightness is what a person reports seeing.
Is a nit the same as a candela per square meter?
Yes — a nit and a candela per square meter (cd/m²) are exactly the same unit under two different names. "Nit" is the informal name used throughout the display and consumer electronics industry, while cd/m² is the formal SI name used in scientific and engineering contexts.
Why do cinema screens use foot-lamberts instead of nits?
The film and projection industry standardized on foot-lamberts decades before nits became common in consumer electronics, and SMPTE calibration standards for theatrical and home-theater screens (typically 14-16 foot-lamberts) are still written in that unit today. Converting to nits (1 fL ≈ 3.43 cd/m²) shows that cinema screens are actually much dimmer than a modern smartphone or TV display, which is intentional for a dark viewing room.
Why are there so many old CGS luminance units like the stilb and apostilb?
Before the SI system standardized photometry around the candela and candela-per-square-meter in the mid-20th century, different countries and scientific traditions developed their own luminance units within the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system — the stilb and lambert in general use, the apostilb and its French-system twin the blondel for illuminated surfaces, and the extremely small bril and skot for vision research into low-light perception. Most have fallen out of everyday use but still appear in older instruments, legacy literature, and specialized scientific fields.
How accurate are these conversions?
Every conversion factor used here is the exact, internationally recognized relationship between the underlying luminance units — results are limited only by floating-point display precision, not by rounded conversion constants.